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[00:04.56]Psychoanalyst---Sigmund Freud
[00:06.94]There are no neutrals in the Freud wars.
[00:11.83]Admiration, on one side; skepticism, on the other.
[00:15.05]But on one thing the contending parties agree:
[00:17.97]for good or ill, Sigmund Freud,
[00:20.67]more than any other explorer of the psyche,
[00:24.22]has shaped the mind of the 20th century.
[00:26.07]The very fierceness and persistence of his detractors
[00:29.44]are a tribute to the staying power of Freud's ideas.
[00:32.90]There is nothing new about such confrontations;
[00:36.15]they have dogged Freud's footsteps
[00:38.63]since he developed the luster of theories
[00:41.21]he would give the name of psychoanalysis.
[00:43.88]His fundamental idea has struck many as a romantic,
[00:47.69]scientifically improvable notion.
[00:50.17]His contention that the catalog of neurotic ailments
[00:54.10]to which humans are susceptible is nearly always
[00:57.07]the work of sexual maladjustments,
[00:59.20]and that erotic desire starts not in puberty but in infancy,
[01:03.64]seemed to the respectable nothing less than obscene.
[01:07.11]His dramatic evocation of a universal
[01:10.97]Oedipus complex, in which the little boy
[01:13.43]loves his mother and hates his father,
[01:15.91]seems more like a literary conceit than a thesis
[01:19.07]worthy of a scientifically minded psychologist.
[01:21.73]The book that made his reputation in the profession¡ª
[01:24.96]although it sold poorly¡ªwas ¡°The Interpretation of Dreams¡± (1900),
[01:31.10]an indefinable masterpiece¡ªpart dream analysis,
[01:34.97]part autobiography, part theory of the mind,
[01:38.40]part history of contemporary Vienna.
[01:41.48]The principle that underlay this work was that
[01:44.70]mental experiences are part of nature.
[01:47.13]The most nonsensical notion,
[01:49.69]the most casual slip of the tongue,
[01:51.86]the most fantastic dream, must have a meaning
[01:55.34]and can be used to unriddle the often
[01:57.93]incomprehensible maneuvers we call thinking.
[02:00.39]In 1974, he published another book.
[02:03.94]A glance at its chapter headings will
[02:06.57]indicate some of the aspects of behaviour covered by the book:
[02:09.71]Forgetting of proper names
[02:11.93]Forgetting of foreign words
[02:14.49]Childhood and concealing memories
[02:16.82]Mistakes in speech
[02:18.65]Mistakes in reading and writing
[02:20.80]Broadly, Freud demonstrates that
[02:23.85]there are good reasons for many of the slips
[02:26.01]and errors that we make. We forget a name because,
[02:29.52]unconsciously, we do not wish to remember that name.
[02:33.27]We repress a childhood memory
[02:35.86]because that memory is painful to us.
[02:38.38]A slip of the tongue or of the pen betrays a wish
[02:42.08]or a thought of which we are ashamed.
[02:44.38]Freud was intent not merely on originating a sweeping theory
[02:48.08]of mental functioning and malfunctioning,
[02:50.92]he also wanted to develop the rules of psychoanalytic therapy.
[02:55.24]As to the first, he created the largely silent listener
[02:59.86]who encouraged the analysand to say
[03:02.99]whatever came to mind, no matter how foolish,
[03:05.84]repetitive or outrageous,
[03:07.75]and who intervened occasionally to interpret
[03:11.42]what the patient was struggling to say.
[03:13.50]The efficacy of analysis remains a matter of controversy,
[03:16.57]though the possibility of mixing psychoanalysis
[03:19.95]and drug therapy is gaining support.