中国努力鼓励器官捐献
在位于中国华东地区的无锡市，如果有人因事故或疾病出现脑死亡，钱公淘将是最早得知的人之一。在医生的通知下，他匆匆走向守在死者床边的亲属。
But the white-coated Mr Qian is no physician. His government-issued card reads “organ donation facilitator”, a thousands-strong new profession created to address the country’s chronic shortage of organs for donation.
身穿白袍的钱公淘不是医生，政府发给他的工作证上写着“器官捐献协调员”，这一新职业是为了解决中国长期缺乏器官捐赠的问题而设立的，有数千名从业者。
Just over 4,000 Chinese people donated organs in China last year, while 300,000 waited for transplants.
去年中国的器官捐赠者刚超过4000人，而等待移植者为30万。
Donation rates — 2.98 per million people compared with double-digit rates in the EU — are “small and pathetic”, according to Liu Xiuqin, head of a Chinese organ charity. The shortage has been deepened by a 2015 ban on the use of executed prisoner's organs, long the main source for transplants.
中国的器官捐赠率为每百万人2.98人，而欧洲这一数字达到两位数。中国一家器官移植慈善团体的负责人刘秀琴表示，国内捐赠率“少得可怜”。随着中国于2015年起禁止使用死刑犯器官——长期以来器官移植的主要来源——器官短缺进一步加深。
“We present it to families as a chance to do a good thing,” said Mr Qian of his main persuasion method. The softly spoken 35-year-old deals with about four cases per month but the vast majority of his efforts are fruitless because of a lack of tradition of organ donation.
钱公淘说他的主要劝说方式是，“告诉家属这是个做好事的机会”。言谈温和的钱公淘今年35岁，每月要处理四个案例，但由于中国缺乏器官捐献传统，他的绝大多数努力都是徒劳。
Regulations stipulate that all direct family members including parents and spouses must sign off on any donation. “One successful case in 10 is a good ratio,” he said.
器官捐献条例规定，任何捐献都必须有包括家长和配偶在内的所有直系亲属的签字。钱公淘说：“10个案例里面能有一个成功的，这比例就不错了。”
China has hired about 2,000 donation facilitators in recent years, a quarter of whom were trained in 2016, with salaries of up to Rmb10,000 ($1,450) a month.
近年来中国聘用了约2000名器官捐献协调员，其中四分之一是在2016年接受培训的，该职业月薪高达1万元人民币(合1450美元)。
“We are developing from a very low base,” said Hou Fengzong, who runs a state-funded training facility in Beijing. “We use indirect methods to explain to relatives that they can still give life to others. It requires a great deal of skill.”
在北京经营一家国家资助培训机构的侯凤宗(音)说：“我们是从一个非常低的基础上发展起来的。我们委婉地向家属解释，他们可以赋予别人以生命。这需要大量技巧。”
Mr Qian insists that donations “must be voluntary” but he is able to marshal a range of incentives. “If you donate, then if you have any requests from the government, such as with schooling, of if you have any problems, then we can help,” he said.
钱公淘坚称捐献“必须是自愿的”，但他可以安排一些鼓励措施。他说：“如果你捐了，那么你要是对政府有任何要求，比如上学，或者有任何问题，我们可以帮忙的。”
Households designated as poor can receive Rmb10,000 each for signing off on a donation. Those who donate can have their names inscribed on a plaque in an exclusive graveyard, where their ashes can be stored and are honoured in an annual ceremony.
政府认定的贫困家庭如果签订捐献协议，每户可获得一万元人民币。捐赠者的名字可以刻在一块饰板上，陈列在一个专属墓地里，他们的骨灰可以存放在该墓地，每年还会举行纪念仪式。
China’s organ donation system is now “fully in line with World Health Organisation guiding principles,” the organisation’s China representative Bernhard Schwartländer told reporters this month.
世界卫生组织(World Health Organisation)驻华代表伯恩哈德•施贺德(Bernhard Schwartländer)本月对记者表示，中国的器官捐献制度现在“完全符合世卫组织指导原则”。
He added that violations of the prohibition on the use of prisoner organs could not be ruled out, but he “had no evidence that the law is being breached”.
他表示，虽然违反禁令使用死囚器官的现象不能排除，但他“没发现有证据表明该法律遭到违反”。
Chinese tech group Alibaba has added a feature to its Alipay service allowing users to sign up as donors, with more than 100,000 people currently registered. But because of regulations requiring relatives’ consent, it is mainly a symbolic effort.
中国科技集团阿里巴巴(Alibaba)在支付宝(Alipay)服务中增加了一项功能，允许用户登记为捐赠者，目前登记者已超过10万人。但由于捐赠规定要求亲属同意，因此这主要是一个象征行为。
Chen Jingyu, one of China’s leading lung transplant surgeons, said agreements with families had a tendency to fall apart at the last minute. The number of facilitators is “far too low”, he said, estimating that the country would need 10,000 in years to come.
中国一名优秀的肺移植外科医生陈静瑜表示，与家属达成的协议在最后时刻往往会破裂。他表示器官捐献协调员人数太少，估计未来几年将需要1万人。
In an office at the hospital where he also works part-time as a manager, Mr Qian said volunteer rates had improved since the use of prisoner organs was abolished. “There has been a change in attitudes, from flat rejection to greater acceptance,” he said. “There are few cases when my words alone can move someone".
钱公淘在医院还兼任经理工作，他在办公室里表示，自从废除使用死刑犯器官后，自愿捐赠率有所改善。他说：“人们的态度改变了，从断然拒绝到更高的接受度。光靠我说的话就能打动人，这种情况是很少的。”
